Can I get sick from smelling mold?

Update: My husband called the poison control center because I was really overheated, red, and nauseous. They said it's unlikely that I will get ill enough to need to see a doctor, and that I would have side effects for up to 24 hours of nausea, extra mucus in my throat and sinuses, and not feeling well.

My husband left a blender bottle sealed airtight shut for a month after drinking a protein shake. It was empty but there was residue of milk and protein powder. I opened it and the smell hit me like a ton of bricks and I instantly started gagging and my body started trying to vomit but I couldn't. Could I get sick from inhaling the gas that came out of it?

Anything I can do to prevent it? What kind of sickness?